The great Scientist EINSTEIN dies today

The great Scientist EINSTEIN dies today

In this 1955 Albert Einstein died in his sleep today at Princeton Hospital, aged 75. Regarded as one of the most creative intellects in human history, Einstein made his greatest contributions to scientific theory before the age of 50, He was awarded the Nobel prize in Physics in 1921, for the photoelectric law and his work in the field of theoretical Physics. His history of relativity,which had in beginnings in as essay he wrote when he was only 16, was verified by the Royal Society of London in 1919. Einstein commitment to world peace and Zionism brought him into conflict with right-wing opinion in his native Germany. When Hitler become Chancellor of Germany in 1933, after Lise Meinter split the atom, he urged on President Roosevelt the importance of US scientist developing an A-bomb ahead of the Nazis, and his recommendation marked the beginning of the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos. The horror of Hiroshima in 1945 shocked Einstein into issuing letters calling for the establishment of world government to prevent future use of the bomb, aware that without his theory of relativity the nuclear age would not have dawned. 

ABEL TASMAN THE EXPLORER...DISCOVER NEW ZEALAND

ABEL TASMAN THE EXPLORER...DISCOVER NEW ZEALAND 

The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman born in 1603, Abel Tasman spent his career in the service of VOC, The Dutch eastv Indian company, when the Netherlands was Europe's preeminent sea-trading power. In 1634 he was second-in-command of an expedition that reached Formosa(Taiwan) . He also made voyages to Japan in 1641 and to Sumatra in 1642. Later that year, Tasman commanded an expedition to find a fabled "southern land" in the Pacific whose existence had never been verified.
            Tasman sighted the west coast of Tasmania on November 24, which he named after Anthony van Diemen, governor of the Dutch east Indies. Intending to sail north,Tasman was blown east by the prevailing winds, and on December 13, he become the first European to see New Zealand's south islands, which he named the Staten land on the mistaken assumption that it was linked to Argentina's Staten Island. Sailing north , one of his ships attacked by the Island Maori Inhabitants, and four of his sailors were killed. Tasman named the spot Murders Bay(Golden Bay).
             In 1644,Tasman mapped Australia's northern coast. He settled Batavia   and become a wealthy leader of Dutch community---his later life marred only when he was find and demoted for hanging a sailor without trial. He Died in 1659.

ONE OF THE MOST DECISIVE BATTLES IN EUROPEAN HISTORY

ONE OF THE MOST DECISIVE BATTLES IN EUROPEAN HISTORY

In 732, on a hilltop between Tours and Poitiers in France, on of the most decisive battle in European history was fought. In the hundred years following ,armies inspired by the Islamic faith had pressed forward through north Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to arrive in the heart of Western Europe. In 732, the governor-general of Muslim Spain, Abd-ar-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, led an army across the Pyrenees and conquered Aquitaine, laying waste to Bordeauxe. He than headed for the kingdom of the Franks, toward the city of Tours.
              The Frankish leader Charles Martel placed his 30,000-strong army on high, wooded ground, in their line of advance. He formed his men into a tight infantry square, and waited. Abd-ar-Rahman al-Ghafiqi held off from attacking from 7 days, although his force may have outnumbered the Franks by two to one. when he finally lunched his cavalry, the Frankish infantry stood firm and repelled their charges. After a long fight, the Muslim horsemen withdrew to defend their war  chests, and abandoned by his men, Abd-ar-Rahman al-Ghafiqi was surrounded and killed.
               It is likely that Abd-ar-Rahman al-Ghafiqi had not sought to coquer European Chsistendom, but just to lead a raidinng expedition. But if the Frankish warriors had lost, nothing would have stood in the way of a Muslim takewover of western Europe. Charls Martel consolidate the Carolingian Empire, which formed a barrier to the northward expansion of Islam.
               

A JOURNEY THROUGH IMPOSSIBLE MOUNTAIN BARRIER TO ATTACK ROME.

A JOURNEY THROUGH IMPOSSIBLE MOUNTAIN BARRIER TO ATTACK ROME.

In the fall of 218 B.C.E., an exhausted,demoralized army lay scattered among the rocks,snow, and ice of a high Alpine pass.A  force of wild tribesmen from Spain , Libyan foot soldiers, and Numidian horsemen from north Africa had followed twenty-eight-year-old general Hannibal Barca in a bid to cross this apparently impossible mountain barrier.
           Hannibal's native city, Carthage, in what is now Tunisia, was engaged in a life-or-death struggle with the Roman republic from control of the western Mediterranean. In the spring of 218 B.C.E., Hannibal had led his army from Spain to Italy. He set out with more than 100,000 men, tens of thousands of horses and mules, and thirty-seven war elephants. A long journey to hostile territory greatly reduced the army even before it reached the Alps. There, advancing up narrow tracks through mountain gorges, Hannibal's soldier were attacked by the Alloroges and other local tribesmen. It took 9 days to reach the top of the pass.
            Hannibal, Who had shared in all his men's hardships, rallied the cold and hungry troops to under tack the descent into Italy, which, he said, would place Rome ion their hands. Walking walking on snow and ice, the animals and men struggled along the narrow downward track, terrified of falling to their deaths over the slippery edge. At one point they had to spend four days rebuilding the obliterated path. Only around 26,000 men made it to Italy, with a handful of elephants. Nonetheless, Hannibal had achieved an extraordinary feet in crossing the Alps and could now advance upon the Rome.