THE UNIVERSE IS MUCH LARGER THAN WE THOUGHT

Edwin Hubble announces the discovery of  other galaxies, revealing that the universe is much larger than we thought.

          Until the 1920s, it was widely assumed that the galaxy of stars of which our sun is one was the only galaxy in existence. Astronomers, however, had already begun to suspect that there might be other structures farther out in space. One such Astronomer was a young American from Missouri, Edwin Powell Hubble. He focused on nebulae - clouds of interstellar dust and gas-- and from 1919 studied them at the Mount Wilson Observatory in California. He discovered that some object thought to be nebulae were actually large-scale aggregates of stars, or galaxies like our own. In 1923, for example, he found thirty-six stars inside the Andromeda nebulae, which he subsequently calculated to be 900,000 light years away from us and an enormous distance beyond our own galaxy's edge. The astronomers published hi research result on the first day of 1925.
           Hubble classified the galaxies into three main types- spiral, elliptical, and irregular. He not only demonstrated that the universe is immensely bigger than previously thought, but went want to show that it is expanding, meaning that the other galaxies are moving away from us. In 1929, he found that the speed at which the galaxies recede increases with their distance from us (Huble's Law) and established a ratio (Hubbles Constant) between the speed and the distance. Subsequent investigations suggest that ratio has not always remained the same, but over time has decelerated and accelerated.
             Hubble continued working at Mount Wilson virtually until his death in 1953. The Hubble space Telescope was named in his honor. 

THE MASTERY OF THE SEAS

The HMS Dreadnought gives Britain the lead in the race for global naval supremacy

          As Britain new warship HMS Dreadnought slid into the water at Portsmouth dockyard in 1906, the nature of the world's navies changed. All existing Battleships were now obsolete. Its design was so radical that it gives it name to a whole new style of ship. Inspired by the thinking of Admiral Fisher, once commander - in-chief of the Mediterranean fleet and now First Sea Lord, The professional head of the Royal Navy,  the design brought together all the recent developments in propulsion, armor, and gunnery to create a fast, powerful ship capable of destroying  any other ship. All future British warships would follow this model.
           Other maritime nations - including the U.S,Japan,France,Italy and Russia - were obliged to follow this design if they were to project maritime power. But the major repercussions were felt in the new German Empire, where  Kaiser Wilhelm II, supported by his navy minister, Admiral Tirpitz, had a policy of noval rivalry with Britain in the hope of challenging her predominance in the world's oceans. Both nations invested in more such ships with ever more sophisticated designs. The imperial German ship program was major worry for the British. In World War I, the two fleets would eventually face each other at the battle of Jutland, although although the outcome proved inconclusive.
             The Dreadnought concept dominated the world's navies until the new technologies of submarines, aircraft and carriers. By the end of  the World War II, the Dreadnought was obsolete.

COMMUNICATION BY SPACE SATELLITE (FIRST TELEVISION BY SATELLITE)

The lunch of Telstar 1 enables television transmission to be sent back to earth by satellite and makes the world seem a little smaller.

           Communication by space satellite, which has today become the basis of a thriving commercial industry and a vital factor in military operations, was first suggested by the writer Arthur C. Clarke in 1945. One of the first to carry to idea forward in the 1950s was a U.S engineer working for Bell  Telephones, John R. Pierce, who played a leading part in the work that led to the lunch of the Echo Communications satellite in 1960 and Talstar 1 in 1962.
            Echo reflected microwave radio signals back to Earth from its aluminum surface, but Telstar was a more sophisticated device, which for the first time allowed television transmissions to be winged back to Earth. It was launched by American Telephone and Telegraph in cahoots with Bell Telephones and the British and French post offices. a gigantic antenna, built in Maine, near andover, was locked on to the satellite, and subsequent televisions picture was relayed across the Atlantic to be received at stations in England and French.
             The first picture from Telstar showed the flag at the Andover station, but it was presently transmitting a baseball game between the Chicago cubs and the Philadelphia Phillies, and President Kennedy used it to give a live transatlantic press conference. Telstar 1 went out in of action in February  1963, possibly affected by radiation from the testing of nuclear weapons. It was replaced by Telstar 2. Development continued, and in 1964 the syncom 3 satellite relayed pictures of the Tokyo Olympic Games across the pacific. 

THE FIRST PHOTOGRAPH

Niepce takes the first photograph after searching for years for an image fixative

Photography, one of the great inventions of the early nineteenth century, was created by a Frenchman, sixty-two-years old Joseph Nicephore Niepce. He his brother were inventors, developing a boat driving by an internal-combustion engine, The pyrelophone, in 1798. From 1816, Niepce tried to ''fix'' an image produce by a camera obscura, which projects a scene onto a surface using the principle of a pinhole camera, sometimes with mirrors and lenses. He experimented with silver halide-coated paper and produced an image of window view, but the negative image venished when exposed in daylight.
      He sought a way of producing a positive image, and in 1822 succeeded in making a contact print of an engraving onto a sheet of paper through the action of light on a glass plat coated with Judia bitumen. Two years later he made the first permanent images from the camera obscura, although these required an exposure time of many hours. He experimented with the material of photographic plate and in 1827 visited England to demonstrate  his pewter technique to the Royal Society at kew. He did not win a prize because he would not reveal the chemicals used in this process. Around the same time, he produced a successful image-- a view from his window exposed over eight hours -- etched onto a tin plate, now regarded as the world's first true photograph. From 1829, he worked with Louis Daguerre; Niepce died in july 1833, leaving Daguerre to create the daguerreotype in 1839.

THE DOOR TO NUCLEAR ENERGY AND ATOMIC WEAPONS

NUCLEAR FiSSION

    Otto Hahn opens the door to nuclear energy and atomic weapons

Otto Hahn "the founder of the atomic age," was a German scientist who discovered nuclear fission in 1983 at the mounting tensions that would lead to World War II escalated. Fortunately, as an anti-Nazi, his genius was not used by Hitler.
       Hahn was born in 1879, graduated from Marburg University in 1904, and worked at University College,London, discovering the isotop radiothorium (thorium 228). Transferring to McGill University, Montreal, in 1905, he worked under Sir Ernest Rutherford before becoming a professor at Berlin University in 1906. There he discovered ionium the "mother substance" of radium, married and fathered a son. He also began his thirty-year collaboration with Lise Meitner, an Austrian chemist. After being conscripted to develop poison gases in World War I, Hahn wrote the book Applied Radiochemistry, which become the "bible' of U.S Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb.
        Hahn's most important discovery was made after he bombarded uranium with neutrons, leading to the splitting of the uranium nucleus into atomic nuclei of medium  weight - nuclear fission. In 1934 Hahn resigned from Berlin University in protest at the persecution of Lise Meitner and other Jewish colleagues. He procured Meitner a passport, enabling her to emigrate. Hahn was entered at the end of the War near Cambridge, when the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1945, Hahn spent the time before his death in 1968 warning against the atomic arms race and the dangers of radioactive pollution.  

THE FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTER

Can we imagine our selves  without technology? No, in this generation  it is impossible,everything around us bounded with the technological instruction,
Yes, and computer is the main leading device....

On of the most important technological innovations of the twentieth century was the computer. It gradually progressed from an enormous, unwieldy machine to a small personal computer that could be used in offices and at home. A key event in this development was the introduction by the international Business Machine (IBM) company of a new personal computer in 1981.  The computer, named the 5150 was not the first of its breed by any means, but IBM's solid reputation for quality and reliability made it a strong seller and gave the use of  personal computers a powerful boost. they were no longer a trendy fad, but something people increasingly they ought to have.
      IBM had a history in this general field. It created the world first floppy disc in 1967 and in 1975 unveiled its 5100 portable computer, which was probably the first self-contained portable computer system. Around 1980 , the company marketed its Data-master all-in-one desktop word processor. Like the 5100, it was expensive (around $15,000) and sales were low. The 5150 was a different story altogether. It was reasonably affordable at around $3,000 and it offered more memory than its rivals, whose makers promptly began copying it, producing what were initially known as ''IBM clones'' and later simply as PCs. In August 1982, after a year of manufacturing, the two hundred thousandth model was shipped out.
        The first 5150 contained the Intel 8088 CPU, a single floppy disc drive, and 64 KB of RAM and was the brainchild of engineer Don Estridge. The decision to supply the computer with Microsoft's DOS operating system was the foundation for that company's domination of the software market. 

FIRST IRON BRIDGE

Hi, friends today we are going to learn about a interesting topic related with our daily life....
Bridge :
  A structure that is built over a river, railway cross ,mountain tips, junction to allow people and vehicles to cross from one side to the other without losing the time and the communication of daily life to be easier ...

 Today's post related about The World's First Iron Bridge;

When and Where The World's First Iron Bridge Opens?
 >The completed iron bridge first opened one New Year's Day 1781, The bridge spanning the River Severn Gorge near Coalbrookdale, England, was the idea of young architect Thomas Pritchard. He commissioned  Abraham Darbylll, just twenty-nine at the time and a Quaker iron-master--- whose grandfather Abraham Darby l had triggered the industrial Revolution by inventing the smelting of coke powder to make iron -- to build the pioneering design for a single-span, 120-foot (37 m), 378-ton bridge, using massive parts, the largest of which was 70 feet (21 m) long.
       The bridge used iron to mimic traditional woodcarving techniques-- such as mortise and tenon, dovetails, and wedges--to feet join together. Although Pitchard died in 1777, work on the bridge continued, financed by another local iron-master, John Wilkinson. It was completed in 1779, although the approach roads took another two years. No records were kept on the construction, and exact detail remained a mystery until 2002, when a watercolor by Elias Martin was discovered in Sweden showing how it was made. The bridge become so celebrated that a new town, Iron bridge, grew up around it.
        Darby overspent and was in debt for the rest of his life, but the bridge, although over-heavy and subject to cracks around its foundations, survived and is now recognized as a milestone's in the worlds industrialization. in 1987, Iron bridge was declared a World Heritage Site, attracting a tourist industry that celebrates the industrial Revolution.

NOBEL PEACE PRIZE

Hi friends, Me K.R.Ansari(Historical History/).

Today We are going to learn about the History of  Nobel Peace Prize, as we all heard about it but many of us including me don't  know why and where from it come,So my friends through this we are going to know about the foundation of Nobel,  yah it will be very interesting so get started....

What is Nobel peace prize?

The Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, The inventor of dynamite, wrote in his will that awards should be given every year to people, who 'in the previous year have done the greatest good for mankind'. This prizes are named after Alfred Nobel and awarded for path-breaking achievements in the field's of medicine,physics, chemistry,and literature---and for excellent services given to great humanitarians like Albert Schweitzer, Martin Luthr King, and Mother Teresa and also to organisations such as the Red Cross and UNICEF of the United nations. In 2006, Mohammed Yunus, a banker from Bangladesh, received the Nobel peace prize. He lent very small amounts of money to poor people----often just 50 Euro----who needed only the small amount to break the cycle of poverty for good. Today, his theory of 'micro-lending' is helping to eradicate poverty in the world. Since 1901, The Nobel prizes are awarded in Oslo every year on December 10, the death anniversary of Alfred Nobel.

SECRET BEHIND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

1809 Thomas Paine, guiding light of the American Revolution and on of the most influential thinkers of the age, died in New York City today. Through his writings, Paine inspired and revived the nation's morale during the dark days of America's fight for independence from Britain. His famous pamphlet Common sense, Published in 1776 and including the words, "The cause of America is in great measure the cause of all mankind" sold more than 1,00,000 copies in three months. The American Crisis, published later in the same year, is credited with contributing to America success at the Battle of the Trenton. While in France, Paine wrote the Writes of Man, a defense of the French revolution that earned him the brand "traitor" in his native Britain. Although a supporter of the revolutionary cause, he was oppose to the execution of Louis XVI: this aroused radical suspicions and landed him in the Luxembourg Prison, where the work on the statement of his religious beliefs, The age of Reason, published after his release. 

LET'S MAKE OUR PLANETS AS HUMAN LIVING PLANET

Hi friends, Me K.R.Ansari(Historical History).

A good morning to all of you & also drawing attention to World Environment Day 5 June;

World environment day occurs on 5 June every year, and is the United Nation's important vehicle for empowering overall mindfulness and activity for the for the protection of our environment. World Environment Day seeks to bring to all a heightened awareness and understanding of the Environment and the problem that besiege it.

 A clean environment is essential for human health and well-being. However, the interactions between the environment and human health are highly complex and difficult to assess. This makes the use of the precautionary principle particularly useful. the best known health impacts are related to ambient air pollution, poor water quality and insufficient sanitation.
        Environment related issues that affect our health have been one of the most important triggers that have led to creating an increasing awareness of the need for better environmental management. Changes in our environmental induced by human activities in nearly every sphere of life have had an influence on the pattern of our health. The assumption that human progress is through economic growth is not necessarily true. We expect urbanization and industrialization to bring in prosperity, but on the down side, it leads to diseases related to overcrowding and a inadequate equality of drinking water, resulting  in an increase in waterborne diseases such as infective  diarrhea and air borne bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis.High-density city traffic leads to an increase in respiratory diseases like asthma and many more.
       
          Let's make our planets as human living planet.

PRINTING FROM MOVABLE TYPE (first printing book)

Hi friends, Me K.R.Ansari(Historical History).

 K.R.Ansari(Historical History).

Now my dear friends before getting let I want to share with you something new which I recently collect from revised history; that is about "First Printing Book"
         
    In 1450 Johann Gutenberg, a craftsman and metalworker from Mainz in Germany, took out a loan from financier. He had been experimenting with ways of printing from movable type, using his knowledge of metalworking to produce a method of casting metal type in quantity by means of a hand mold. He needed funds to develop further tools and equipment,including a wooden screw press, oil based printing links, and paper that could take an impression. With the printing press he created from all these elements he was able to start work on his masterpiece, the Gutenberg Great Bible, the printing of which was completed not later than 1455.
      Gutenberg Bible(also known as the forty-two line Bible, because each page had forty-two lines of text) is commonly held to be the first printed book in Europe and marked the beginning of the mass production of books. It probably took a year to produce the first printing of 180 copies of 1,282 pages each. Gutenberg soon had many imitators, and printing press were set up in city after city to produce Bibles, encyclopedias, theological works, histories, and romances to feed an ever-growing appetite for the printed word.
       The invention of movable type has been likened to the birth of the internet. It was the technological breakthrough that powered the dissemination of ideas during the Renaissance and the humanist explosion of learning of the early sixteenth century. In 1999, Time magazine named the Gutenberg printing press the most important invention of the millennium.